this, it’s, these, they’re

Let’s break down the usage of “this,” “it’s,” “these,” and “they’re” in English grammar with examples.

1. This

“This” is a demonstrative pronoun and determiner used to refer to a singular noun that is close to the speaker in time or space.

• As a pronoun: “This is my favorite book.”
• As a determiner: “This book is my favorite.”

Examples:

• Physical proximity: “This apple is delicious.” (The apple is near the speaker.)
• Time reference: “I will finish this project by the end of this week.” (Refers to the current week.)

2. It’s

“It’s” is a contraction of “it is” or “it has.”

• It is: “It’s raining outside.”
• It has: “It’s been a long day.”

Examples:

• Describing weather: “It’s sunny today.”
• Describing a situation: “It’s a shame you can’t come to the party.”
• Possession: “It’s been a while since we last met.”

3. These

“These” is the plural form of “this” and is used to refer to multiple items that are close to the speaker in time or space.

• As a pronoun: “These are my friends.”
• As a determiner: “These shoes are new.”

Examples:

• Physical proximity: “These cookies are freshly baked.” (The cookies are near the speaker.)
• Time reference: “I have been busy these past few days.” (Refers to the recent days.)

4. They’re

“They’re” is a contraction of “they are.”

• They are: “They’re going to the concert tonight.”

Examples:

• Describing people: “They’re my classmates.”
• Describing actions: “They’re playing soccer in the park.”

Putting It All Together

Let’s look at a few sentences that incorporate all these elements:

1. “This is my new phone. It’s very advanced.”
   • Here, “this” refers to the phone close to the speaker, and “it’s” is a contraction of “it is.”
2. “These are my favorite books. They’re all written by the same author.”
   • “These” refers to multiple books near the speaker, and “they’re” is a contraction of “they are.”
3. “This is the best restaurant in town. It’s known for its delicious food.”
   • “This” points to the restaurant, and “it’s” is a contraction of “it is.”
4. “These flowers are beautiful. They’re blooming early this year.”
   • “These” refers to multiple flowers, and “they’re” is a contraction of “they are.”

Summary

• “This”: Singular, close to the speaker.
• “It’s”: Contraction of “it is” or “it has.”
• “These”: Plural, close to the speaker.
• “They’re”: Contraction of “they are.”

Understanding these basic grammar points can help you communicate more clearly and effectively in English.