Understanding how to use may, can, and will is essential in English because they are modal verbs. Modal verbs help express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, and future actions. Although these three words may look simple, they are used in different situations and can change the meaning of a sentence significantly.
1. CAN — Ability, Permission, Possibility
A. Ability
The most common use of can is to talk about what someone is able to do.
Structure:
- Subject + can + base verb
Examples:
- I can swim.
- She can speak Japanese.
- They can solve difficult math problems.
Here, can shows physical or mental ability.
B. Informal Permission
Can is often used to ask for or give permission in everyday conversation.
Examples:
- Can I go to the bathroom?
- You can use my phone.
- Can we leave early today?
This is common in casual English, but in more formal situations, may is preferred.
C. Possibility
Can can also express general possibility (what is sometimes true).
Examples:
- It can get very hot in summer.
- This road can be dangerous at night.
- Mistakes can happen.
Notice that can here does not refer to a specific situation but to general possibilities.
D. Negative Form: cannot / can’t
- I can’t drive.
- She can’t come today.
2. MAY — Permission, Possibility (More Formal)
A. Permission (Formal)
May is often used in formal situations to ask for or give permission.
Examples:
- May I come in?
- You may leave the room.
- May I ask a question?
Compared to can, may sounds more polite and formal.
B. Possibility
May expresses possibility, often when something is uncertain.
Examples:
- It may rain tomorrow.
- She may be at home.
- We may go to Kyoto this weekend.
Here, may suggests something is possible but not certain.
C. Difference Between Can and May (Possibility)
- Can = general possibility
- May = specific or uncertain possibility
Examples:
- Dogs can be dangerous. (general truth)
- That dog may be dangerous. (specific situation)
D. Negative Form: may not
- He may not come.
- It may not work.
This means something is possibly not true or will not happen.
3. WILL — Future, Decisions, Promises
A. Future Actions
Will is mainly used to talk about the future.
Structure:
- Subject + will + base verb
Examples:
- I will study tonight.
- She will travel to Osaka next week.
- They will arrive at 5 PM.
B. Instant Decisions
Use will when you decide something at the moment of speaking.
Examples:
- I’m hungry. I will order pizza.
- It’s cold. I will close the window.
C. Promises and Offers
Will is often used to make promises or offers.
Examples:
- I will help you with your homework.
- Don’t worry, I will call you later.
- I will always support you.
D. Predictions
Will is also used to make predictions about the future.
Examples:
- It will rain tomorrow.
- This movie will be popular.
- Technology will improve in the future.
E. Negative Form: will not / won’t
- I won’t go.
- She won’t agree.
4. Comparing Can, May, and Will
A. Permission
- Can I go? (casual)
- May I go? (formal/polite)
B. Possibility
- It can snow here. (general)
- It may snow tomorrow. (specific possibility)
C. Future
- I will go tomorrow. (future action)
5. Common Mistakes
❌ Using “can” instead of “may” in formal situations
- Teacher: “Can I leave early?” (understandable but informal)
- Better: “May I leave early?”
❌ Confusing “may” and “will”
- “It will rain” = you are confident
- “It may rain” = you are not sure
❌ Using “can” for future
- Incorrect: I can go tomorrow.
- Correct: I will go tomorrow.
(“Can” suggests ability, not future intention)
6. Quick Summary
| Modal | Main Uses | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Can | Ability, informal permission, general possibility | I can swim. |
| May | Formal permission, uncertain possibility | It may rain. |
| Will | Future, decisions, promises | I will help you. |
7. Practice Examples
Try to understand the difference:
- Can I borrow your pen? (casual permission)
- May I borrow your pen? (polite permission)
- I will borrow your pen. (future decision — sounds unusual unless already decided)
- She can drive. (ability)
- She may drive. (possibility)
- She will drive. (future action)
8. Final Thoughts
Even though can, may, and will are all modal verbs, they serve very different purposes:
- Use can when talking about ability or everyday permission.
- Use may when you want to sound polite or express uncertainty.
- Use will when talking about the future, making promises, or deciding something.
Mastering these three verbs will greatly improve your English communication because they are used constantly in both speaking and writing.
1. CAN(できる)— 能力・許可・可能性
A. 能力
can の最も一般的な使い方は、「~できる」という能力を表すことです。
形:
- 主語 + can + 動詞の原形
例:
- I can swim.(私は泳ぐことができます。)
- She can speak Japanese.(彼女は日本語を話せます。)
- They can solve difficult math problems.(彼らは難しい数学の問題を解けます。)
ここでの can は、身体的・知的な能力を表します。
B. カジュアルな許可
can は日常会話で許可を求めたり与えたりするときにも使われます。
例:
- Can I go to the bathroom?(トイレに行ってもいい?)
- You can use my phone.(私の電話を使っていいよ。)
- Can we leave early today?(今日は早く帰ってもいい?)
これはカジュアルな表現で、フォーマルな場面では may が好まれます。
C. 可能性
can は一般的な可能性(時々起こること)も表します。
例:
- It can get very hot in summer.(夏はとても暑くなることがあります。)
- This road can be dangerous at night.(この道は夜危険なことがあります。)
- Mistakes can happen.(ミスは起こり得ます。)
ここでは特定の出来事ではなく、一般的な傾向を表しています。
D. 否定形:cannot / can’t
- I can’t drive.(私は運転できません。)
- She can’t come today.(彼女は今日は来られません。)
2. MAY(~してもよい・かもしれない)— 許可・可能性(よりフォーマル)
A. 許可(フォーマル)
may はフォーマルな場面で許可を求めたり与えたりするときに使います。
例:
- May I come in?(入ってもよろしいですか。)
- You may leave the room.(部屋を出てもよろしい。)
- May I ask a question?(質問してもよろしいですか。)
can よりも丁寧でフォーマルな印象です。
B. 可能性
may は不確実な可能性を表します。
例:
- It may rain tomorrow.(明日は雨が降るかもしれません。)
- She may be at home.(彼女は家にいるかもしれません。)
- We may go to Kyoto this weekend.(今週末、京都に行くかもしれません。)
ここでは「確実ではないが可能性がある」という意味です。
C. can と may の違い(可能性)
- can = 一般的な可能性
- may = 特定の状況での不確実な可能性
例:
- Dogs can be dangerous.(犬は危険なことがあります。)
- That dog may be dangerous.(あの犬は危険かもしれません。)
D. 否定形:may not
- He may not come.(彼は来ないかもしれません。)
- It may not work.(それはうまくいかないかもしれません。)
3. WILL(~するだろう)— 未来・決定・約束
A. 未来の行動
will は主に未来のことを表します。
形:
- 主語 + will + 動詞の原形
例:
- I will study tonight.(私は今夜勉強します。)
- She will travel to Osaka next week.(彼女は来週大阪へ旅行します。)
- They will arrive at 5 PM.(彼らは午後5時に到着します。)
B. その場での決定
話しているその瞬間に決めたことに will を使います。
例:
- I’m hungry. I will order pizza.(お腹が空いた。ピザを注文しよう。)
- It’s cold. I will close the window.(寒い。窓を閉めよう。)
C. 約束や申し出
will は約束や申し出にも使われます。
例:
- I will help you with your homework.(宿題を手伝います。)
- Don’t worry, I will call you later.(心配しないで、あとで電話します。)
- I will always support you.(いつもあなたを支えます。)
D. 予測
未来の予測にも使われます。
例:
- It will rain tomorrow.(明日は雨が降るでしょう。)
- This movie will be popular.(この映画は人気が出るでしょう。)
- Technology will improve in the future.(技術は将来進歩するでしょう。)
E. 否定形:will not / won’t
- I won’t go.(私は行きません。)
- She won’t agree.(彼女は同意しないでしょう。)
4. 比較:can・may・will
A. 許可
- Can I go?(カジュアル)
- May I go?(丁寧)
B. 可能性
- It can snow here.(一般的な可能性)
- It may snow tomorrow.(不確実な可能性)
C. 未来
- I will go tomorrow.(未来の行動)
5. よくある間違い
❌ フォーマルな場面で can を使う
- Can I leave early?(理解されるがカジュアル)
- より良い:May I leave early?
❌ may と will の混同
- It will rain(確信がある)
- It may rain(不確実)
❌ can を未来に使う
- 誤:I can go tomorrow.
- 正:I will go tomorrow.
(can は能力を表すため)
6. まとめ
| 助動詞 | 主な意味 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| can | 能力・カジュアルな許可・一般的可能性 | I can swim. |
| may | 丁寧な許可・不確実な可能性 | It may rain. |
| will | 未来・決定・約束 | I will help you. |
7. 練習例
- Can I borrow your pen?(カジュアルな許可)
- May I borrow your pen?(丁寧な許可)
- I will borrow your pen.(未来の決定)
- She can drive.(能力)
- She may drive.(可能性)
- She will drive.(未来)
8. 最後に
can・may・will はすべて助動詞ですが、それぞれ役割が異なります:
- can:能力や日常的な許可
- may:丁寧さや不確実な可能性
- will:未来・約束・決定
これらを正しく使えるようになると、英語でのコミュニケーションが大きく向上します。
