Participles

Participles are special verb forms that can act like verbs, adjectives, or parts of verb tenses. English has two main participles:

  1. Present participle
  2. Past participle

Even though their names contain the words “present” and “past,” they are not simply present tense and past tense verbs. Instead, they are forms of verbs used in many different grammatical structures.

Understanding participles is important because they appear everywhere in English conversation, writing, and grammar.


1. What Is a Present Participle?

A present participle is the -ing form of a verb.

Examples:

  • walk → walking
  • eat → eating
  • study → studying
  • run → running

The present participle is created by adding -ing to the base verb.

Basic Formula

Verb + ing

Examples:

  • play → playing
  • sleep → sleeping
  • dance → dancing

Uses of the Present Participle

The present participle has several important uses.


A. Present Participle in Continuous Tenses

One of the most common uses is with the verb “be” to form continuous tenses.

Present Continuous

Structure:

Subject + be + present participle

Examples:

  • She is reading a book.
  • They are playing soccer.
  • I am studying English.

The present participle shows an action happening now or around the present time.


Past Continuous

Examples:

  • He was sleeping at 10 p.m.
  • We were watching TV.

Future Continuous

Examples:

  • I will be working tomorrow.
  • She will be traveling next week.

In all these tenses, the present participle is necessary.


B. Present Participle as an Adjective

A present participle can describe a noun.

Examples:

  • an interesting movie
  • a crying baby
  • a barking dog

Here, the participle acts like an adjective.

More Examples

  • The running water is cold.
  • We heard singing birds.
  • The teacher gave an exciting lesson.

These participles describe the nouns:

  • water
  • birds
  • lesson

C. Present Participial Phrases

A participial phrase begins with a participle and adds more information.

Examples:

  • Walking down the street, I saw my friend.
  • Smiling happily, she opened the gift.
  • Looking tired, he went to bed early.

These phrases often explain how or when something happened.


D. Present Participle After Certain Verbs

Some verbs are followed by a present participle.

Examples:

  • I enjoy reading.
  • She avoided talking to him.
  • They finished eating.

Common verbs followed by -ing forms include:

  • enjoy
  • avoid
  • finish
  • consider
  • suggest
  • keep

Spelling Rules for Present Participles

Sometimes spelling changes occur when adding -ing.

1. Double the Final Consonant

For short verbs ending consonant-vowel-consonant:

  • run → running
  • sit → sitting
  • swim → swimming

2. Drop Silent “e”

  • make → making
  • write → writing
  • dance → dancing

3. Change “ie” to “y”

  • lie → lying
  • die → dying

2. What Is a Past Participle?

A past participle is another verb form often used with helper verbs or as adjectives.

For regular verbs, the past participle usually ends in -ed.

Examples:

  • walk → walked
  • clean → cleaned
  • play → played

However, many English verbs are irregular.

Examples:

  • go → gone
  • eat → eaten
  • write → written
  • break → broken

Because irregular verbs are common, students often memorize them.


Uses of the Past Participle


A. Past Participle in Perfect Tenses

The past participle is used with “have,” “has,” or “had.”

Present Perfect

Structure:

Subject + have/has + past participle

Examples:

  • I have finished my homework.
  • She has visited Tokyo.
  • They have eaten dinner.

This tense connects the past to the present.


Past Perfect

Examples:

  • He had left before I arrived.
  • We had seen the movie already.

Future Perfect

Examples:

  • She will have completed the project by Friday.
  • They will have arrived by noon.

B. Past Participle in Passive Voice

Past participles are also used in passive sentences.

Structure:

Subject + be + past participle

Examples:

  • The window was broken.
  • The cake was baked yesterday.
  • English is spoken worldwide.

In passive voice, the subject receives the action.


C. Past Participle as an Adjective

Like present participles, past participles can act as adjectives.

Examples:

  • a broken chair
  • tired workers
  • frozen food
  • excited children

These describe nouns.


Difference Between Present and Past Participles as Adjectives

This difference is very important.

Present participles describe the cause of a feeling.

Examples:

  • The movie is boring.
  • The lesson is confusing.

The movie causes boredom.
The lesson causes confusion.


Past participles describe the feeling itself.

Examples:

  • I am bored.
  • The students are confused.

The people experience the feeling.


Compare These Sentences

  • The game is exciting.
    (The game causes excitement.)
  • The players are excited.
    (The players feel excitement.)

Another example:

  • The lecture was interesting.
  • We were interested in the lecture.

Participles in Reduced Clauses

Participles can shorten sentences.

Present Participle Reduction

Full sentence:

  • The man who is standing there is my uncle.

Reduced:

  • The man standing there is my uncle.

Past Participle Reduction

Full sentence:

  • The books that were written by her became famous.

Reduced:

  • The books written by her became famous.

This style is common in formal writing.


Common Mistakes With Participles


1. Confusing “-ing” and “-ed” Adjectives

Incorrect:

  • I am boring.

Correct:

  • I am bored.

Why?
“Boring” describes something that causes boredom.
“Bored” describes the feeling.


2. Using the Wrong Past Participle

Incorrect:

  • I have went there.

Correct:

  • I have gone there.

“Gone” is the past participle of “go.”


3. Dangling Participles

A participial phrase must clearly connect to the subject.

Incorrect:

  • Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful.

This sounds like the trees were walking.

Correct:

  • Walking down the street, I thought the trees looked beautiful.

Important Differences Between Present and Past Participles

Present ParticiplePast Participle
Usually ends in -ingOften ends in -ed or irregular form
Shows ongoing actionShows completed action
Used in continuous tensesUsed in perfect tenses
Example: runningExample: run / runned? → actually “run”
Example adjective: excitingExample adjective: excited

Examples in Everyday English

Present Participles

  • She is cooking dinner.
  • I saw a flying bird.
  • They kept talking.

Past Participles

  • The door is locked.
  • We have finished the test.
  • He looked exhausted.

Participles in Writing

Participles make writing smoother and more advanced.

Instead of writing:

  • She opened the door and smiled.

You can write:

  • Opening the door, she smiled.

Or:

  • Smiling warmly, she opened the door.

This style creates more natural and elegant English.


Quick Summary

Present Participles

  • End in -ing
  • Used in continuous tenses
  • Can act as adjectives
  • Can form participial phrases

Examples:

  • running
  • sleeping
  • exciting

Past Participles

  • Usually end in -ed or use irregular forms
  • Used in perfect tenses
  • Used in passive voice
  • Can act as adjectives

Examples:

  • broken
  • eaten
  • written

Final Example Comparison

Present Participle

  • The crying child wanted candy.
  • She is reading a book.
  • The movie is exciting.

Past Participle

  • The broken glass was dangerous.
  • They have finished eating.
  • We were excited by the movie.

分詞(ぶんし)は、動詞から作られる特別な形で、動詞・形容詞・時制の一部として使われます。英語には主に2種類の分詞があります。

  1. 現在分詞(present participle)
  2. 過去分詞(past participle)

「現在」「過去」という名前がついていますが、単純に現在形や過去形を意味するわけではありません。分詞は、さまざまな文法構造の中で使われる動詞の形です。

分詞は英会話や文章で非常によく使われるため、理解することが大切です。


1. 現在分詞とは?

現在分詞は、動詞に -ing をつけた形です。

例:

  • walk → walking
  • eat → eating
  • study → studying
  • run → running

現在分詞は通常、動詞に -ing を付けて作ります。

基本形

動詞 + ing

例:

  • play → playing
  • sleep → sleeping
  • dance → dancing

現在分詞の使い方

現在分詞にはいくつか重要な使い方があります。


A. 進行形で使う現在分詞

最も一般的な使い方は、be動詞と一緒に使って進行形を作ることです。

現在進行形

形:

主語 + be動詞 + 現在分詞

例:

  • She is reading a book.
    (彼女は本を読んでいます。)
  • They are playing soccer.
    (彼らはサッカーをしています。)
  • I am studying English.
    (私は英語を勉強しています。)

現在分詞は、「今行われている動作」を表します。


過去進行形

例:

  • He was sleeping at 10 p.m.
    (彼は午後10時に寝ていました。)
  • We were watching TV.
    (私たちはテレビを見ていました。)

未来進行形

例:

  • I will be working tomorrow.
    (私は明日働いているでしょう。)
  • She will be traveling next week.
    (彼女は来週旅行しているでしょう。)

これらすべての進行形で現在分詞が必要です。


B. 形容詞としての現在分詞

現在分詞は名詞を説明することもできます。

例:

  • an interesting movie
    (面白い映画)
  • a crying baby
    (泣いている赤ちゃん)
  • a barking dog
    (吠えている犬)

ここでは現在分詞が形容詞の役割をしています。

追加例

  • The running water is cold.
    (流れている水は冷たい。)
  • We heard singing birds.
    (私たちは歌っている鳥を聞いた。)
  • The teacher gave an exciting lesson.
    (先生はわくわくする授業をした。)

これらの分詞は次の名詞を説明しています。

  • water(水)
  • birds(鳥)
  • lesson(授業)

C. 分詞構文(現在分詞)

分詞句は、分詞から始まり追加情報を加える表現です。

例:

  • Walking down the street, I saw my friend.
    (通りを歩いていると、友達に会った。)
  • Smiling happily, she opened the gift.
    (嬉しそうに笑いながら、彼女はプレゼントを開けた。)
  • Looking tired, he went to bed early.
    (疲れているように見えて、彼は早く寝た。)

これらは「どのように」「いつ」行動したかを説明します。


D. 特定の動詞の後の現在分詞

一部の動詞の後には現在分詞が来ます。

例:

  • I enjoy reading.
    (私は読書を楽しむ。)
  • She avoided talking to him.
    (彼女は彼と話すのを避けた。)
  • They finished eating.
    (彼らは食べ終えた。)

よく使われる動詞:

  • enjoy
  • avoid
  • finish
  • consider
  • suggest
  • keep

現在分詞のスペルルール

-ing をつけるとき、つづりが変化する場合があります。


1. 最後の子音を重ねる

短い母音 + 子音で終わる動詞:

  • run → running
  • sit → sitting
  • swim → swimming

2. 最後の silent e を消す

  • make → making
  • write → writing
  • dance → dancing

3. ie を y に変える

  • lie → lying
  • die → dying

2. 過去分詞とは?

過去分詞も特別な動詞の形で、助動詞や形容詞として使われます。

規則動詞では通常 -ed が付きます。

例:

  • walk → walked
  • clean → cleaned
  • play → played

しかし、多くの英語の動詞は不規則変化です。

例:

  • go → gone
  • eat → eaten
  • write → written
  • break → broken

そのため、不規則動詞は暗記が必要なことが多いです。


過去分詞の使い方


A. 完了形で使う過去分詞

過去分詞は have / has / had と一緒に使われます。

現在完了形

形:

主語 + have/has + 過去分詞

例:

  • I have finished my homework.
    (私は宿題を終えました。)
  • She has visited Tokyo.
    (彼女は東京を訪れたことがあります。)
  • They have eaten dinner.
    (彼らは夕食を食べ終えました。)

現在完了形は、「過去」と「現在」をつなげる時制です。


過去完了形

例:

  • He had left before I arrived.
    (私が到着する前に彼は出発していた。)
  • We had seen the movie already.
    (私たちはすでにその映画を見ていた。)

未来完了形

例:

  • She will have completed the project by Friday.
    (彼女は金曜日までにそのプロジェクトを終えているでしょう。)
  • They will have arrived by noon.
    (彼らは正午までに到着しているでしょう。)

B. 受動態で使う過去分詞

過去分詞は受動態にも使われます。

形:

主語 + be動詞 + 過去分詞

例:

  • The window was broken.
    (窓が壊された。)
  • The cake was baked yesterday.
    (ケーキは昨日焼かれた。)
  • English is spoken worldwide.
    (英語は世界中で話されている。)

受動態では、主語が動作を受けます。


C. 形容詞としての過去分詞

過去分詞も形容詞として使えます。

例:

  • a broken chair
    (壊れた椅子)
  • tired workers
    (疲れた労働者たち)
  • frozen food
    (冷凍食品)
  • excited children
    (興奮した子供たち)

現在分詞と過去分詞の形容詞の違い

これはとても重要です。


現在分詞は「感情の原因」を表す

例:

  • The movie is boring.
    (その映画は退屈だ。)
  • The lesson is confusing.
    (その授業はわかりにくい。)

映画や授業が感情を引き起こしています。


過去分詞は「感情そのもの」を表す

例:

  • I am bored.
    (私は退屈している。)
  • The students are confused.
    (生徒たちは混乱している。)

人が感情を感じています。


比較

  • The game is exciting.
    (その試合はわくわくする。)
  • The players are excited.
    (選手たちは興奮している。)

別の例:

  • The lecture was interesting.
    (講義は面白かった。)
  • We were interested in the lecture.
    (私たちはその講義に興味を持った。)

関係節の短縮

分詞を使うと文を短くできます。


現在分詞による短縮

完全な文:

  • The man who is standing there is my uncle.
    (そこに立っている男性は私のおじです。)

短縮:

  • The man standing there is my uncle.

過去分詞による短縮

完全な文:

  • The books that were written by her became famous.

短縮:

  • The books written by her became famous.

この形はフォーマルな英語でよく使われます。


よくある間違い


1. -ing と -ed の混同

誤:

  • I am boring.

正:

  • I am bored.

「boring」は退屈にさせるもの。
「bored」は退屈している気持ち。


2. 間違った過去分詞

誤:

  • I have went there.

正:

  • I have gone there.

「gone」が go の過去分詞です。


3. 分詞の修飾ミス

誤:

  • Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful.

これでは「木」が歩いているように聞こえます。

正:

  • Walking down the street, I thought the trees looked beautiful.

現在分詞と過去分詞の違いまとめ

現在分詞過去分詞
通常 -ing通常 -ed または不規則形
継続中の動作完了した動作
進行形で使う完了形で使う
例: running例: written
例: exciting例: excited

日常英語での例

現在分詞

  • She is cooking dinner.
    (彼女は夕食を作っている。)
  • I saw a flying bird.
    (私は飛んでいる鳥を見た。)
  • They kept talking.
    (彼らは話し続けた。)

過去分詞

  • The door is locked.
    (ドアは鍵がかかっている。)
  • We have finished the test.
    (私たちはテストを終えた。)
  • He looked exhausted.
    (彼は疲れ切って見えた。)

英作文での分詞

分詞を使うと、より自然で高度な英文になります。

普通:

  • She opened the door and smiled.

分詞を使う:

  • Opening the door, she smiled.

または:

  • Smiling warmly, she opened the door.

より滑らかで自然な表現になります。


まとめ

現在分詞

  • -ing 形
  • 進行形で使う
  • 形容詞になる
  • 分詞構文を作る

例:

  • running
  • sleeping
  • exciting

過去分詞

  • 通常 -ed または不規則形
  • 完了形で使う
  • 受動態で使う
  • 形容詞になる

例:

  • broken
  • eaten
  • written

最後の比較例

現在分詞

  • The crying child wanted candy.
    (泣いている子供はキャンディーを欲しがった。)
  • She is reading a book.
    (彼女は本を読んでいる。)
  • The movie is exciting.
    (その映画はわくわくする。)

過去分詞

  • The broken glass was dangerous.
    (割れたガラスは危険だった。)
  • They have finished eating.
    (彼らは食べ終えた。)
  • We were excited by the movie.
    (私たちはその映画に興奮した。)

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